A slow international response and a failure of leadership were to blame for the "needless suffering and death" caused by the recent Ebola epidemic, a panel of experts has concluded.

Led by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the panel's report said major reforms were needed to prevent future disasters.

More than 11,000 people died in the outbreak, which began in 2013.

Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone were the countries most badly affected.

The report said these countries were unable to detect, report and respond rapidly to outbreaks - something which allowed Ebola to develop into "a worldwide crisis".

But it reserved most criticism for the World Health Organization, saying it was too slow to declare Ebola an international public health emergency - five months after Guinea and Liberia had notified it of outbreaks.

The report said the WHO had also failed to meet its responsibilities for responding to the outbreak because of a lack of leadership and accountability.

When a global response did eventually materialise, towards the end of 2014, it was deemed to be slow, inflexible to conditions on the ground, inadequately informed and poorly co-ordinated.

"The reputation and credibility of the WHO has suffered a particularly fierce blow," the report said.

The panel also criticised some political leaders for playing down the outbreak and not calling for international help.

Early reporting

The report makes 10 recommendations for improving systems to cope with future outbreaks.

These include calls for a global strategy to help poorer countries monitor and respond to infectious diseases.

Those countries that delay reporting outbreaks and sharing information should be named and shamed, it says.

The report also recommends creating a dedicated centre for outbreak response at the WHO, which has a protected budget.

And a global fund should be set up to finance research and development of drugs and vaccines to treat infectious diseases.

The panel, made up of 20 experts in global health from around the world, was chaired by Prof Peter Piot, director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and co-discoverer of the Ebola virus.

He said: "Major reform of national and global systems to respond to epidemics are not only feasible, but also essential so that we do not witness such depths of suffering, death and social and economic havoc in future epidemics."

'Game changer'

Prof Piot added: "The AIDS pandemic put global health on the world's agenda. The Ebola crisis in West Africa should now be an equal game- changer for how the world prevents and responds to epidemics."

Ashish K Jha, director of the Harvard Global Health Institute and a professor of medicine, said: "People at WHO were aware that there was an Ebola outbreak that was getting out of control by spring… and yet it took until August to declare a public health emergency. The cost of the delay was enormous."

Dr Jeremy Farrar, director of the Wellcome Trust, said the report offered "some sobering lessons".

"Particularly welcome are the calls for greater investment from governments to build a core capacity to detect, report and respond rapidly to outbreaks, as is the idea of creating a dedicated centre for outbreak response within the WHO," he said.

"It's vital that the lessons learned are translated into concrete action if we are to avert another crisis on the scale of Ebola."