For most Cameroonians a football match is a spellbinding affair. In anybody's book this is the country's favourite sport; it pulls huge crowds and has earned the country international acclaim. But it is not just the goal-scorers and team coaches who bask in glory when a local or national team wins. Behind the scenes marabouts - or juju men - also claim credit. Armed, they say, with supernatural powers, these witchdoctors prepare charms that they believe will help propel teams to victory and confuse opponents. There are a number of ways that football charms can be administered. Palm oil, popularly known in Cameroon as manyanga, could be rubbed on the ankles or kola nuts, another charm, could be given to players to eat. In other cases, the players may be asked to jump over a bonfire before the game. Or players may be nicked in the ankles with a razor blade and black powder rubbed into the wounds. Then they would be given rules such as not shaking hands with anybody before the encounter or entering the field by walking backwards. Graveyard camping In the past even more extreme practices were undertaken in the name of football success. It was very common to hear that players of a team had gone camping in a graveyard the night before an important game. The objective was to harness some invisible force from the departed. The juju man would assure the players not to panic if they heard a noise or felt a touch in the dark as this could be the "ghost" filling their boots with supernatural powers. While many believe that such witchcraft is dying out, the Menchum Voice newspaper in Cameroon recently reported on the practice at a local football cup final. The players of the losing team openly poked fun at their witchdoctor for not being strong enough to secure a win. In the same breath, they praised the opposition's juju man for his superior powers. But it is not confined only to local club football. Michel Zoah, Cameroon's minister of sport and physical education, faced questions from members of parliament about the dismal performance of the national side, nicknamed the Indomitable Lions, at South Africa's World Cup in 2010. The team was disqualified from the tournament and it was no secret that there was a lack of cohesion and focus due to a multitude of problems and internal wrangling. According to the minister, these included witchcraft, mysticism, jealousy and disorder. For Cameroonian journalists who also observed the team at the Africa Cup of Nations in Angola and South Africa in 2010, the minister simply confirmed what they already suspected. The journalists talked of "suspicious persons" with "strange behaviours" in the official delegation to the tournament. "One of them always had a box of matches even though he was not a smoker. Worse still, he lit candles in broad daylight. If this was not a juju man, then who was he?" asked one journalist. Although officials from the ministry of sport deny footing their travel and accommodation expenses, these people were presented as administrators of the national football federation and were paid allowances like everyone else in the delegation. Feathered creatures But such practices have a history. During one of Cameroon's local cup finals in 1975, the goalkeeper of Aigles of Nkongsamba came onto the pitch with a live eagle. This was threatening enough for the supporters of the opposing team, Canon Yaounde, who violently agitated for the bird to be taken away. A clash in late 1991 between Diamond of Yaounde and Caiman Douala also had its share of controversy. Much was riding on the match: Diamond had to win to escape relegation to division two. And Caiman would become champions of Cameroon by winning the game. But a hawk threatened to steal the show. It perched on Caiman's goalpost after the start of the game, and remained there despite attempts by the crowd and the referee to chase it away. In the end, Caiman won the game. And shortly after the final whistle the bird flew away, drawing applause from the supporters of Caiman who were adamant the incident was no accident. Another story involving a feathered creature relates to the 1990 World Cup in Italy. Cameroon were playing England. The story goes that a white dove flew onto the pitch during the match and many thought it was the result of magic. It was strongly rumoured that the Lions arrived with a marabout and that a 2-1 victory was forecast for Cameroon. This prediction was overturned when England equalised. Training and fitness But Tataw Stephen, Cameroon's captain at the time, denied these claims: "I heard about most of these things later. I didn't see any dove… we did not take along any witchdoctor. With us there was never a thing like that."