A total of 518 people died in Tanzania from "unnatural causes", including 197 who were shot dead, in the widespread protests that followed last year's general election, the commission of inquiry set up to investigate the violence has announced.

However, commission chairman Mohamed Chande Othman did not say who was responsible for the deaths, recommending further investigations.

This is the first time the authorities have said how many people died.

Opposition parties and human rights groups had previously accused the security forces of unleashing a brutal crackdown on anti-government protesters, killing thousands.

President Samia Suluhu Hassan was declared the winner of the 29 October poll with 98% of the vote, which the opposition described as a "mockery" of democracy after her main challengers were excluded.

At the time, the president said the election was fair and transparent and blamed foreigners for the violence, saying it was part of a plot to overthrow her.

International observers, however, raised concerns last year about the lack of transparency in the vote, with the African Union and the southern Africa bloc SADC saying the election had fallen short of democratic standards.

Last year, the BBC verified multiple videos of police shooting towards groups of protesters. Footage posted online showed that demonstrators were confronted by heavily armed police units blocking their progress and firing tear gas to disperse crowds. In many of the videos, gunfire can clearly be heard as people scatter in the ensuing chaos.

The scale of Tanzania's election violence was shocking for a nation that had cultivated an image of calm, consensus and order for nearly six decades.

Speaking after receiving the report on the violence, Samia said it "shook our nation", and the government would take lessons from it.

She also defended the actions of the security agencies, saying they had prevented the state from sliding into anarchy.

"We have learnt. The commission has told us that all the violence was planned, coordinated, financed and executed by people who were trained and given equipment for committing crimes," she said.

She believed that the objective of those involved was "to create a leadership vacuum" and make the country "ungovernable", adding that they would be held accountable.

The president also announced the establishment of a criminal investigation body to examine offences linked to the post-election unrest.

She said it would identify those involved in criminal acts such as breaking into shops, looting property, damaging infrastructure and causing deaths.

"The investigation will also examine the deaths of children, address claims of missing bodies, and probe allegations of abductions, including cases beyond the immediate areas of the unrest," she said.

The main opposition party, Chadema, told the AFP news agency the report was a "cover-up" and described it as "an attempt to whitewash the regime's crimes".

Among the 518 dead, 490 were male, 21 were children, and 16 were security officers, Othman said.

But he explained that the death toll could be higher as some victims had been buried without the authorities being told.

More than 2,000 people were injured, including 120 security officers, he added.

Opposition and religious groups had said thousands of people were killed, with reports of bodies being taken from hospitals and some allegedly buried in mass graves.

Othman said the claims of the existence of mass graves "could not be substantiated", alleging that AI was used to manipulate some images.

The commission identified several underlying causes of the violence, citing economic, political and social issues, including demands for political reforms, unemployment and "lack of patriotism".

It said politicians and activists had used these issues to persuade citizens to take part in protests. It added that the demonstrations were neither peaceful nor lawful and would not qualify for legal protection.

After the nine‑member commission was appointed by President Samia, opposition parties had raised concerns.

They said the inquiry "cannot be independent or impartial, especially in a situation where the government is the primary suspect in the crimes being investigated".

The young protesters generally said they were angered by what they saw as a political system dominated by one party since Tanzania gained independence in the 1960s.

The two main opposition leaders were blocked from contesting the 2025 poll. Tundu Lissu is still in detention on treason charges, which he denies, while Luhaga Mpina's candidacy was rejected on technical grounds.

The commission made several recommendations, including free medical treatment and psychosocial support for victims, and that a national day of mourning be set aside in honour of those who died.

It also proposed setting up a commission of criminal inquiry to determine who is to be held accountable.

Besides, it recommends that a new constitution be in place by 2028, before the next general election, and that a new commission be established to foster reconciliation.