A federal judge ruled on Thursday that the terminations of hundreds of humanities grants last year by the Trump administration's so-called Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) were unconstitutional and involved "blatant" discrimination.

In April last year, President Donald Trump's administration terminated more than 1,400 grants, representing over $100 million in congressionally appropriated funds awarded to scholars, writers, research institutions and other humanities organisations.

The terminations were part of a cost-cutting drive led by billionaire Elon Musk at DOGE.

"The Government engaged ​in blatant viewpoint discrimination," U.S. District Judge Colleen McMahon said in condemning what ⁠the Trump administration cast as a crackdown on diversity practices.

The judge said the terminations violated the ​U.S. Constitution's First Amendment, which provides free speech rights, and its Fifth Amendment's equal protection component. The ​ruling also said DOGE did not have the legal authority to terminate the grants.

"What mattered to DOGE was not whether a grant lacked scholarly merit, failed to comply with its terms, or fell outside NEH's (National Endowment for the ​Humanities) statutory purposes. What mattered was that the grant concerned a 'minority group'," the judge wrote.

"DOGE swept ​in race and ethnicity – including grants concerning Black, Asian, Latino, and Indigenous communities – as well as national origin ‌and immigration ⁠status; religion and religious identity (including Jewish, Christian, and Muslim subjects); sex; and sexual orientation, as criteria for grant termination."

The judge also said that the DOGE staff's use of the artificial intelligence tool ChatGPT to develop the rationale for terminating some grants would not absolve the government of responsibility for its decisions.

"The government cannot escape ​liability for DOGE's ⁠work by scapegoating ChatGPT," the judge wrote.

Rights advocates have raised concerns about Trump's attacks on educational and arts institutions, diversity initiatives, and historical places and museums, saying ​they could undo decades of social progress and undermine the acknowledgement of critical phases ​of American history.

Trump ⁠has alleged that many cultural, arts and educational institutions and bodies are a bastion of liberalism and "anti-American" values that do not portray U.S. history in a positive light.

He has made threats to cut their ⁠federal funding ​over pro-Palestinian protests against U.S. ally Israel's assault on Gaza, transgender policies, ​climate initiatives and diversity programs.

His targets have ranged from elite universities, the Smithsonian Institution and the Kennedy Centre to broadcasters including the ​National Public Radio and the Public Broadcasting Service.