The UK, US and France have attacked Libyan leader Col Muammar Gaddafi's forces in the first action to enforce a UN-mandated no-fly zone. Pentagon officials say the US and the UK have fired more than 110 missiles, while French planes struck pro-Gaddafi forces attacking rebel-held Benghazi. Col Gaddafi has vowed retaliation and said he would open arms depots to the people to defend Libya. Cruise missiles hit air-defence sites in the capital, Tripoli, and Misrata. Libyan state TV broadcast footage it says showed some of the 150 people wounded in the attacks. It said 48 people had been killed. There was no independent confirmation of the deaths. Hundreds of Col Gaddafi's supporters have gathered at his Bab al-Aziziyah palace and the international airport to serve as human shields, state TV said. The AFP news agency reports that bombs were dropped near the palace, which the US also attacked in 1986. In the early hours of Sunday morning, heavy bursts of anti-aircraft fire arced into the sky above Tripoli and several explosions were heard. Sources in Tripoli told BBC Arabic that the attacks on the city had so far targeted the eastern areas of Sawani, Airport Road, and Ghasheer. These are all areas believed to host military bases. The Western forces began their action on Saturday, after Libyan government forces attacked the main rebel-held city of Benghazi - Col Gaddafi's allies accused the rebels of breaking the ceasefire:

• A French plane fired the first shots against Libyan government targets at 1645 GMT on Saturday, destroying military vehicles near Benghazi, according to a military spokesman
• At least 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles were fired from US destroyers and submarine, said a Pentagon official
• A British submarine and Tornado jets fired missiles at Libyan military targets, the UK Ministry of Defence said
• There were also strikes near the western city of Misrata
• France has denied Libyan claims to have shot down a French plane
• Canada is also sending warplanes to the region, while Italy has offered the use of its military bases
• A naval blockade against Libya is being put in place.

"It's a first phase of a multi-phase operation" to enforce the UN resolution, said US Navy Vice-Adm William E Gortney. The BBC's Kevin Connolly, in the rebel-held eastern city of Tobruk, says that once the air-defence systems are taken out, combat aircraft can patrol Libyan airspace more widely and it will then become clear to what extent they will attack Col Gaddafi's ground forces. This will determine the outcome of the campaign, he adds. Russia and China, which abstained from the UN Security Council resolution approving the use of force in Libya, have urged all parties to stop fighting, as has the African Union. After the missile bombardment and the air strikes, Col Gaddafi made a brief speech calling on people to resist. "Civilian and military targets in the air and sea will be liable to serious danger in the Mediterranean," he said. The Libyan leader called the attacks "a colonialist crusade of aggression. This can lead to open a new crusade war." Our correspondent says it is now clear that Col Gaddafi's strategy is to portray the attacks as an act of colonialist aggression and rally enough of the Libyan people behind him to maintain his grip on power.