Hair relaxers, used by many Black women for sleek, straight hair, may pose a significant breast cancer risk.

The Ghana Breast Health Study (GBHS) found that Ghanaian women who use chemical relaxers, particularly long-term or former users, have a significantly higher likelihood of developing breast cancer, regardless of tumour type.

Hair relaxers, which chemically alter hair texture, are used by an estimated 90% or more of women of African descent. In Ghana, nearly all participants (96% of breast cancer patients and 94% of healthy controls) reported using relaxers.

The GBHS, comparing 1,071 breast cancer patients to 2,106 women without the disease, found that former relaxer users had more than double the risk of developing breast cancer. Long-term users and those choosing "gentler" non-lye relaxers also showed increased risks.  

While previous studies suggested relaxers might increase oestrogen-driven (ER+) breast cancers, this study published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention found the heightened risk applied to both ER+ and ER- tumours, indicating multiple pathways of harm.

Although the study doesn't prove direct causation, it supports growing concerns about relaxer health effects. A 2022 US study linked frequent relaxer use to higher uterine cancer risk, prompting calls for stricter regulation.  

In Ghana and other African countries, where relaxers are widely accessible, public health experts emphasize the need for education.

The researchers are calling for in-depth investigations into relaxer ingredients and their effects. Health advocates recommend minimising use, opting for natural styles, or seeking fewer toxic alternatives, emphasising that knowledge is key to prevention.